DO NOT USE ANY OTHER PAPER AT ANY TIME WITHOUT INSTRUCTOR PERMISSION
Part I: [30 points] Choose the one BEST answer. Circle its letter. Read each question and all 5 choices carefully because more than one answer might seem correct at first glance. 1 point each
1. Chondricthyes include
a. sharks
b. skates
c. eels
d. a and b
e. all of the above
2. For a population to “split” into distinct species, sub-populations
must
a. look different
b. be unable to cross breed
c. eat different food
d. live in different environments
e. populations never split, species always arise independently
3. The heterocercal tail is typical of
a. shark
b. perch
c. bird
d. a and b
e. all of the above
4. Amphibian characteristics include all of the following EXCEPT
a. tetrapod limbs
b. anamniotic
c. metamorphosis from gills to lungs in order to be reproductively
mature
d. tympanic membrane (ear drum)
e. three chambered heart
5. Reptilian skin is _____ compared to amphibian skin
a. thicker
b. scaly
c. drier
d. tougher
e. all of the above
6. During the transition to a terrestrial life, amphibia acquired
a. lacrimal glands
b. tympanic membrane
c. lateral line
d. a and b
e. all of the above
7. Which of the following taxa lacks a vertebral spinal column?
a. reptilia
b. amphibia
c. urochordata
d. aves
e. osteichthyes
8. During some stage of life a chordate must have IF SOME
COMBINATION (other than “all” or “none”)
a. notochord OF
a-d ARE TRUE, CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY
b. postanal tail
c. dorsal hollow nerve cord
d. perforated pharynx
e. all of the above
f. none of the above
9. The modern theory of natural selection in evolution is attributed to him (or his grandfather)
10. Natural selection occurs when
a. organisms are allowed to choose mates freely
b. only when there is competition
c. when organisms try to interbreed between species
d. whenever organisms survive to reproduce
e. among animals but not plants
11. Reptilia have a heart with ___ chambers and ___ cranial nerves
a. 3, 10
b. 3, 12
c. 4, 10
d. 4, 12
e. 2, 10
12. Birds differ from reptiles in that birds but not reptiles
a. are amniotic
b. have a metanephric kidney
c. have scales
d. are diapsids
e. have hollow bones
13. Subphylum Vertebrata is further subdivided into ..... superclasses
on the basis of ......
a. 2 .... limbs
b. 2 .... jaws
c. 2 .... amniotic development
d. 3 .... egg yolk distribution (isolecithal, mesolecithal,
telolecithal)
e. 3 .... type of “birth” (oviparous, viviparous, ovoviviparous)
14. The common outlet of the digestive system and the excretory
system:
a. cloaca
b. rectum
c. anus
d. only found in fish
e. never found - they always have separate outlets
15. The deuterostome branch of the animal kingdom include
a. echinoderms
b. chordates
c. insects
d. a and b
e. all of the above
16. Frog tadpoles ventilate using (primarily)
a. ram ventilation
b. buccal pumping
c. opercular pumping
d. a and b
e. all of the above
17. Which of the following are unique characteristics of mammals?
a. hair or fur
b. four-chambered heart
c. 12 cranial nerves
d. internal fertilization
e . endothermic (warm-blooded)
18. Adult frogs ventilate using (primarily)
a. ram ventilation
b. buccal pumping
c. opercular pumping
d. a and b
e. all of the above
19. "tympanic" means, or refers
to ....
20. Which of the following are NOT characteristic of Class Chondricthyes?
a. J-shaped stomach
b. cartilaginous skeleton
c. spiral organ
d. ear
e. placoid scales
21. Teleosts ventilate using (primarily)
a. ram ventilation
b. buccal pumping
c. opercular pumping
d. a and b
e. all of the above
22. Unique echinoderm characteristics include all of the following
EXCEPT
a. hemal system
b. water vascular system
c. metamorphosis
d. secondary pentaradial symmetry
e. tube feet
23. Sharks ventilate using (primarily)
a. ram ventilation
b. buccal pumping
c. opercular pumping
d. a and b
e. all of the above
24. Myelin
a. insulates nerve fibers
b. is found in chordates only
c. permits nerve fibers to conduct impulses faster
d. a and b
e. all of the above
25. Anapsid animals include
a. snakes
b. dinosaurs
c. turtles
d. a and b
e. all of the above
26. Vertebrate eyes are
a. simple
b. compound
c. some vertebrates have simple eyes, while others have compound
eyes
d. vertebrate eyes can metamorphose from simple to compound
e. none of the above because some vertebrates do not have eyes
27. Epidermal structures such as feathers, nails, and teeth are
formed
a. from ectoderm alone
b. from mesoderm alone
c. from mesoderm after "signalling" by ectoderm
d. from ectoderm after "signalling" by mesoderm
e. from neural crest cells
28. The metanephros is formed
a. from endoderm alone
b. from mesoderm alone
c. from mesoderm after "signalling" by endoderm
d. from endoderm after "signalling" by mesoderm
e. from endoderm and mesoderm, both
29. Which repairs itself better, bone or cartilage?
30. word that means "without jaw"
Part II. [20 points] Brief definition, or explanation, illustration or demonstration 2 points each
1. homolgy
2. analogy
3. divergence
4. convergence
5. selection
6. evolution
7. species
8. appendage
9. common descent
10. How do invertebrates increase nerve conduction speed?
How do vertebrates increase nerve conduction speed?
Part III [50 points] I. Short essays - variable credit.
Please be sure to focus your answer in order to ANSWER the QUESTION!
Answer sufficient questions to total 50 points.
1. List “biological contributions” of vertebrates, and briefly
explain, for each, how it is distinctive and advantageous.
3 points each
2. List three chordate subphyla, and name a representative animal for
each 6 points
3. Describe and explain the different mechanisms that bony and
cartilaginous fish generally use to increase their buoyancy.
6 points
5. The transition to land requires adaptation for (dealing with)
a. ventilating with air b. avoiding dehydration
(there are several possible sub-categories)
c. gravity d. large and rapid temperature fluctuations
e. sound f. etc (name your own...
For each topic you choose, explain the "problem", and describe or explain
how terrestrial animals have adapted to "solve the problem". 3 points
each
6. For each of the following pairs, state whether they are homologous
or analogous structures, and whether they represent convergent or divergent
evolution. Explain. 4 points each
bird wing - bat wing - insect wing
fish fin - penguin wing - porpoise flipper
porpoise flipper - dog leg
fur -feathers
arthropod striated muscle - vertebrate striated muscle
arthropod trachea - vertebrate trachea
EXTRA CREDIT: Write a question that you studied for, and forgetful me,
I neglected to ask. Answer your question. PLEASE ask yourself
something you can answer well! PLEASE answer the question you actually
ask. [points awarded based on question & answer]
7. Describe a "model" animal for each of the following
sizes/habitats. For each one, state:
-- whether it is unicellular or multicellular
-- its outer covering
-- skeletal system (if any)
-- respiration system or strategy
-- circulatory system (closed/open; pump - if so, where &
how many ...)
-- reproductive strategy (separate sexes or not?; internal/external
fertilization?
direct/indirect development? etc)
--excretory system (separate? dilute/concentrated urine?)
-- other specializations?
Animals: size: habitat:
< 1mm freshwater
1-5 cm terrestrial
shoe box marine
several feet terrestrial
huge marine
Again, a chart format might help here. Also, you may draw analogies
with animals we have studied --- that will probably help a lot. However,
DO NOT simply describe a particular real animal that is the right size
& life style. You should pick & choose features for your
model make-believe animals that you think would make them successful, and
explain your reasoning. HINT: You will get more credit if you show
some variety (give them some varied reproductive strategies, etc.)
You are not required to discuss every system on the above list for each
animal, IF the rest of your answer is well developed and elaborate. Another
hint: be sure that you explain your choices comparatively, for example,
animals < 1mm can't have fur because they are smaller than hairs...
EXPLAIN YOUR DECISIONS 6 points each