Lecture guide/vocabulary list - #1

What is Life? What is Zoology?

Characteristics of life -- exclusive? -- complete? -- useful?

chemical uniqueness

complexity & hierarchical organization

interaction among constituents: whole > sum of parts

cell - fundamental unit of life

reproduction

evolution: stability & change

-- heredity

-- variation

genetic program: fidelity for heredity [DNA]

metabolism: anabolism + catabolism

[physiology = study of complex metabolic functions]

development: origin --> adult --> death/end of individual

change in size, shape, form

differentiation of structures

sometimes metamorphosis

separation from environment - different inside & outside -- AND --

environmental interaction [ study = ecology]

-- factors that determine & are determined by env. interaction [theme]

-- geographic distribution & abundance

irritability = response to environment

What is science? -- scientific method? [read pp 14-16]

proximate/ultimate cause

testable hypothesis

Life obeys physical laws - Laws of Thermodynamics & chemistry: review/glance @ ch. 2,4,5

- conservation of energy

- entropy -- usually energy is dissipated as heat

Know metric system, scientific notation, etc.

Origin of life

premise: similarities => common ancestor [what sorts of similarities?}

age of earth, life, fossil record, 1st eukaryotes, etc

read about history pp 38-45 -- for ideas not detail of names/dates [Table 3-1 is interesting, too]

Reproduction: life-like vs not necessarily life-like

Sex: does it confer an advantage? sexual vs asexual reproduction

Evolution - theories, bases of theories, premises, etc.

LaMarck - transformational theory: inheritance of acquired characteristics

Lyell - geologist - uniformitarianism: laws of chemistry & physics do not change so

past geological events occurred by natural processes similar to those we observe now

-- also gradualism & non-directionalism

Darwin - variational theory - differential survival & reproduction of randomly variable organisms

1. perpetual change - world is dynamic not static nor cyclic (no goal)

2. common descent - common ancestor

-- phylogenetic tree based on similarities

-- ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny -- true or false?

3. multiplication of species: old species split --> new, more diverse species [how??]

what is a species? how do we know when 2 are separate? how do we know if 2 are related?

descent form common ancestral population

* reproductive compatibility within/ non- compatibility between; reproductive community

maintenance of phenotypic & genotypic cohesion - smallest distinct grouping

how does a population "split" - diverge into 2 separate ones - that can speciate?

-- what is speciation?

reproductive barrier

pre-mating

sibling species

post-mating

allopatric speciation - geographic

founder effect

vicariant speciation

non-allopatric - sympatric - speciation (?)

niche; microenvironment

specialization

adaptive radiation

Darwin's finches

4. gradualism: large change <-- accumulation of small changes [some yes, some no]

read last paragraph before Natural Selection p.218

punctuated equilibrium

speciation is episodic @ 10⁴ - 10⁵ yr intervals

5. adaptation; survival of the fittest: Darwin's 5 observations & 3 inferences

obs 1: organisms have great reproductive potential - unrealized

obs 2: natural populations normally remain fairly constant in size

obs 3: limited natural resources

inf 1: competition

obs 4: all organisms vary

obs 5: variation (at least some of it) is heritable

inf 2: differential survival & reproduction within population: some are more "fit"

inf 3: over many generations differential survival & reproduction --> new species

= population gradualism

Natural selection - artificial selection

sorting

genetic drift

random component - non-random component

What is evidence to support any of this? What are potential problems? -- open questions?

Neo-Darwinism - link (esp #5) with genetics, etc.

modern Darwinism: synthetic

- microevolution

- macroevolution

tiers: 10⁴-10⁵ yrs

10⁶

10⁷-10⁸

extinction - mass extinction

- cyclic

- catastrophic species selection

levels of hierarchy:

protoplasmic

cellular

cell-tissue

tissue-organ

organ-system

complexity <--> body size

body plan Fig 11-9 p 251

symmetry

spherical

radial / biradial

bilateral

-- need directional terms

body cavity - coelom

metamerization - segmentation

cephalization -- polarity

systematics: hierarchy: Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - species

TAXON

PHYLOGENETIC TREE vs CLADOGRAM -- phylogeny vs cladistics

sister group

grammar of naming organisms - binomial nomenclature

finding a place to live - motility or attachment to substratum

keeping "inside" and "outside" separate

protection

response to changes

nutrition - finding, capturing, digesting food, & excreting waste products

gas exchange - capturing O₂, excreting CO₂

moving materials around the body - circulation

water - salt balance

temperature

other (specialized needs)

sexual or asexual

development

-- embryonic

-- life cycle

Organelles & & cell structures:pellicle - plasma membrane

ectoplasm - endoplasm

nucleus/nuclei

macronuclei & micronuclei

locomotor: cilium/cilia & flagellum/flagella

axoneme

kinetosome - centriole [basal body]

pseudopodia

lobopodia

filopodia

reticulopodia

axopodia

excretion & osmoregulation: contractile vacuoles

nutrition: phagotroph = holozoic vs osmotroph = saprozoic

phagosome = food vacuole

cytostome (mouth)

cytopyge = cytoproct

mitosis

binary fission - budding

multiple fission - schizogony

amitosis

isogametes vs anisogametes

meiosis: gametic vs zygotic

syngamy - autogamy - conjugation

Kingdom Protista

Subkingdom Protozoa

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

Subphylum Mastigophora

Class Phytomastigophorea

Class Zoomastigophorea

Subphylum Opalinata

Subphylum Sarcodina

Superclass Rhizopoda

Class Lobosea

Class Eumycetozoea

Class Filosea

Class Granuloreticulosea

Superclass Actinopoda

Class Acantharea

Class Polycystinea

Class Phaeodarea

Class Heliozoea

Phylum Labyrinthomorpha

Phylum Apicomplexa

Class Perkinsea

Class Sporozoea

Subclass Coccidia

Phylum Myxozoa

Phylum Microspora

Phylum Ascetospora

Phylum Ciliophora

phylogeny of protists

METAZOANS: 3 theories of origins: syncytial (multinucleate) ciliate

colonial flagellate

polyphyletic

eumetazoa

mesozoa: Phylum Mesozoa

parazoa: Phylum Placozoa

& Phylum Porifera - "incipient" tissues

Class Calcarea

Class Hexactinellidea

Class Demospongiae

Class Sclerospongiae

ostium/ostia

osculum/oscula

asconoids synconoids leuconoids

pinacocyte - pinacoderm

myocyte

choanocyte - mesohyl

archaeocyte

sclerocyte

spongocyte

collenocyte

lophocyte

skeleton types: fibers, spicules, filaments, spongin & spicules, etc.

spongin

siliceous spicules

calcareous spicules

gemmules

monoeicious