Part I: Choose the one BEST answer. Circle its letter. Read each question and all 5 choices carefully because more than one answer might seem correct at first glance. 1.5 points each 

1. A monohybrid cross can illustrate Mendel's observations of:
a. dominance and recessiveness
b. random segregation
c. independent assortment
d. a and b
e. all of the above

2. In order to demonstrate the phenomenon(a) described above, how many generations are required?
a. 1 (parental only)
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. insufficient information

3. Given a cross between AaQqTtGgbbDd x aaQqTtggBbDd what is the chance of an offspring homozygous recessive at all of these loci?
a. 0
b. 1/4
c. 1/6
d. 1/64
e. 1/256

4. Two genes are known to be 8 map units apart. The expected percentage of nonparental (recombinant) offspring from a testcross is
a. 1%
b. 8%
c. 16%
d. 32%
e. not enough information given

5. Given a cross between AaQQTtGgBBDd x AAQqTtGgBbDd what is the chance of an offspring
heterozygous at all of these loci?
a. 0
b. 1/4
c. 1/32
d. 1/64
e. 1/512

6. The term "wild type" indicates
a. organisms found outside captivity
b. organisms out of control
c. organisms particularly prone to mutate
d. the accepted "standard" strain of an organism, or allele of a gene (genotype or phenotype)
e. organisms which breed true

7. Crossing over is
a. physical exchange resulting in recombination of alleles
b. less likely when genes are far apart
c. Mendel's second postulate (or Law)
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

8. A gH/Gh female that underwent one crossover event (between these two genes) during meiosis could produce which of the following gametes?
a. gh and GH only
b. gH and Gh only
c. Gg and Hh only
d. GH, Gh, gH, and gh
e. G, H, g, and h 

9. The process of cytoplasmic division is called
a. mitosis
b. meiosis
c. cytokinesis 
d. telekinesis
e. diakinesis

10. Given a cross between AaQQTtGgBBDd x AAQqTtGgBbDd what is the chance of an offspring expressing the dominant for all of these genes?
a. 0
b. 1/4
c. 1/2
d. 3/4
e. 27/64

11. A dihybrid cross can illustrate Mendel's observations of:
a. dominance and recessiveness
b. random segregation
c. independent assortment
d. a and b
e. all of the above

12. In order to demonstrate the phenomenon(a) described above, how many generations are required?
a. 1 (parental only)
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. insufficient information

13. Garden peas are generally true-breeding because
a. they are all phenotypically alike
b. they have a relatively small number of genes
c. they do not make pollen
d. they reproduce by self-fertilization
e. they are not generally true breeding; Mendel was just lucky

14. DNA synthesis occurs
a. during interphase before meiosis
b. during interphase before mitosis
c. during prophase of mitosis
d. a and b
e. all of the above

15. In a monohybrid cross, the first filial generation will
a. all resemble the female parent
b. all resemble the male parent
c. all resemble the recessive parental type
d. all resemble the dominant parental type
e. resemble the dominant parental type more frequently than the recessive type, but not always

16. Two genes are known to be 55.6 map units apart. The expected percentage of nonparental (recombinant) offspring from a dihybrid testcross is:
a. 25 %
b. 27.8 %
c. 50 %
d. 55.6 %
e. not enough information given

17. Given a cross between AAQqTtGgBBDd x AAqqTTGGBbDD what is the chance of an offspring
homozygous dominant at all of these loci?
a. 0
b. 1/4
c. 1/6
d. 1/64
e. 1/256

18. The process of _____ is the source of new alleles
a. selection
b. mutation
c. polarity
d. meiosis
e. crossing over 

19. During mitosis, chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate during
a. prophase
b. metaphase
c. anaphase
d. telophase
e. only in the presence of colchicine 

20. A chromosome is made of
a. one piece of DNA with associated protein and RNA
b. chromatin
c. a genome
d. a and b
e. all of the above

21. A man with a rare recessive disease marries a woman who is phenotypically normal. If the woman
is homozygous at that locus, what is the probability that their offspring will have the disease?
a. 0% because the disease is rare
b. 0% because the child will receive a dominant allele from the mother
c. 100% because the child would receive the trait from the father
d. 50%
e. 25%

22. Two genes do not exhibit linkage in dihybrid crosses if:
a. they are very far apart on the same chromosome
b. they are on different chromosomes
c. the recombinant frequency (RF) between them is > 0.5
d. a and b
e. all of the above

23. A testcross is a cross in which
a. one parent is heterozygous at all loci under consideration
b. both parents are heterozygous at all loci under consideration
c. one parent is homozygous recessive (either male or female)
d. one parent's genotype is unknown
e. either a or d must be true

24. Which of the following cell types are capable of meiosis?
a. haploid
b. diploid
c. prokaryotic
d. eukaryotic
e. all of the above

25. Homologous chromosomes are found next to each other during
a. prophase I of meiosis
b. metaphase of mitosis
c. metaphase II of meiosis
d. interphase
e. homologous chromosomes are always next to each other 

Part II: Short answer  

1. (10 points) What is the probability of:
a. tossing a fair coin and getting 3 heads in a row? 
b. pulling an ace (any of 4 aces) twice in a row from a complete 52 card deck? 
c. tossing two identical fair dice and getting a sum of 3? 
d. tossing two identical fair dice and getting a sum of 3 twice in a row? 
e. tossing two fair coins and getting heads on the quarter and on the penny the first time & tails on the quarter and on the penny the second time? 

2. Define, explain, illustrate: be sure that you have explained the meaning of the terms and distinguished it from other terms. For word pairs, explain the similarity and the distinction
a. (4 points) allele - gene

b. (4 points) chromatin - chromosome 

c. (3 points) testcross 

d. (3 points)  

Part III. Problems: OMIT ONE (10 points each) 

1. Consider a cell with 1N = 2; one large paracentric chromosome, and one small acrocentric one. Diagram

a. mitosis                                                                     b. meiosis

Be sure to demonstrate both the differences and similarities between the two processes, and briefly explain (in words) the significance of the difference(s). Indicate where crossing over and recombination can occur.

2. The map of three genes is known. The first two are 20 map units apart, and the third is 10 map units further down. Starting with 2 purebred parental strains, one of which is recessive at two and dominant at the third locus (you can choose which) , show what organisms you would mate and what phenotypes you would expect in each generation in order to demonstrate the map of these three genes. Note that in each mating, you will be inspecting only two traits. Generate at least 100 progeny from each mating for this project. 15 points 

3. In exploring brave new worlds, you have come across a strange creature. Some have furry toes, while others have no fur on the toes; some have pointed and some have round ears, and some have four eyes while others have only three. Previous experiments indicate that each of these traits is governed by a single gene. Based on the following testcrosses, construct a map of these 3 genes, including the genotypes of all the parents (P & F₁ generations) in correct order & allelic arrangement, map distances, and interference. In addition, indicate the genotypes used for each testcross parent. 10 points

Extra credit 3 points: keep wild type & mutant information when you name the genes. Assume that most creatures have smooth toes, round ears & three eyes.
 

5. Analyze the following pedigrees. Indicate the genotype of each member. Is the trait in question caused by a recessive or a dominant allele? For each, calculate the probability of the proband having an affected offspring?

bonus: Write a question that you studied for, and forgetful me, I neglected to ask. Answer your question. PLEASE ask yourself something you can answer well! PLEASE answer the question you actually ask. [up to 5 points awarded based on question & answer]